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is fundamentally simple in that

  • 1 так как

    Так как (союз) - since, as, for; because (потому что); inasmuch as (поскольку); in that (в том смысле, что)
     Only five pins are needed since the sensor wires share a common ground.
     The heat transfer increases as the free convection is changed to forced convection.
     Such behavior highlights a major inadequacy of the aromatic content specification requirement as a measure of combustion quality, for it takes no account of the presence of decalin.
     A fourth flame, with fuel in the recirculation zones, is to be avoided because it causes smoke.
     The fuel system is fundamentally simple in that the hydrazine is pressurized with a plunger-type pump.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > так как

  • 2 в принципе прост, так как

    В принципе прост, так как-- The fuel system is fundamentally simple in that the hydrazine is pressurized with a plunger-type pump.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в принципе прост, так как

  • 3 Grund

    m; -(e)s, Gründe
    1. nur Sg.; (Boden) ground; (Grundbesitz) land, property; (Bauplatz) plot, Am. lot; Grund und Boden land, property
    2. nur Sg.; von Gewässern, Gefäßen etc.: bottom; lit. eines Tales: floor; auf Grund geraten oder laufen run aground; in den Grund bohren geh. send to the bottom; den Grund unter den Füßen verlieren auch fig. get out of one’s depth; ich habe keinen Grund mehr I can’t touch the bottom, I’m out of my depth; ein Glas bis auf den Grund leeren geh. drain a glass (to the dregs)
    3. nur Sg.; ARCHIT. (Fundament) foundations Pl.
    4. nur Sg.; (Hintergrund) background; (Grundierung) priming (coat); grün auf gelbem Grund green on a yellow ground
    5. nur Sg.; fig.: den Grund legen für oder zu lay the foundations of ( oder for); einer Sache auf den Grund gehen get to the bottom of s.th.; im Grunde seines Herzens at (the bottom of his) heart; von Grund aus oder auf completely,... through and through; im Grunde ( genommen) basically, (eigentlich) really; in Grund und Boden reden, spielen: into the ground; verdammen: outright; blamieren: utterly; schießen, stampfen: to pieces; ich habe mich in Grund und Boden geschämt I wished the earth would open up and swallow me
    6. (Vernunftgrund) reason (zu + Inf. to + Inf., for + Ger.); (Ursache, Anlass) auch cause ( für of); (Beweggrund) motive; (Argument) argument; Gründe für und wider arguments for and against, the pros and cons; Gründe anführen state one’s case ( für for); aus gesundheitlichen / familiären Gründen for health / family reasons; aus diesem Grund that’s ( oder that was) why, for this reason; aus welchem Grund? why?; aus dem einfachen Grund, weil oder dass... for the simple reason that...; mit ( gutem) Grund with good reason; ohne jeden Grund for no apparent reason; nicht ohne Grund not without reason; ein Grund mehr zu (+ Inf.) all the more reason to (+ Inf.) ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons; es hat schon seine Gründe he knows etc. what he’s etc. doing; ( allen oder jeden) / keinen Grund haben zu (+ Inf.) have (every) / no reason ( oder cause) to (+ Inf.) es besteht (kein / nicht der geringste) Grund zu der Annahme, dass... there is (no / not the slightest) reason to suppose that...; kein Grund zur Besorgnis no need to get worried, there’s no cause for concern
    7. auf Grund, zu Grunde aufgrund, zugrunde
    * * *
    der Grund
    (Bodenebene) bottom;
    (Erdboden) ground;
    (Ursache) cause; reason
    * * *
    Grụnd [grʊnt]
    m -(e)s, ordm;e
    1) ['grʏndə]
    no pl (= Erdboden) ground; (old, dial = Erdreich) soil, ground

    in Grund und Boden (fig, sich blamieren, schämen) — utterly; verdammen outright

    jdn in Grund und Boden reden — not to leave sb a leg to stand on, to shoot sb's arguments to pieces

    bis auf den Grund zerstören/abtragen — to raze to the ground

    2) (Aus) (= Bauplatz) (building) plot; (= Grundstück) grounds pl, land no indef art, no pl
    3) no pl (ESP ART) ground; (HER) field
    4) no pl (von Gefäßen, Becken etc) bottom; (= Meeresgrund) (sea)bed; (liter = Talgrund) bottom of the/a valley

    Grund suchen (im Wasser) — to look for a foothold, to try to find the bottom

    das Glas/den Becher bis auf den Grund leeren — to drain the glass/tumbler

    5) no pl lit, fig = Fundament) foundation(s pl); (= das Innerste) depths pl

    von Grund auf or aus — entirely, completely

    von Grund auf neu gebaut/geplant — rebuilt/re-planned from scratch

    im Grunde ( genommen) — basically, fundamentally

    6) (= Ursache, Veranlassung, Ausrede) reason; (= Beweggrund) grounds pl, reason

    aus gesundheitlichen etc Gründen — for health etc reasons, on health etc grounds

    aus dem einfachen Grunde, dass... — for the simple reason that...

    auf Grund or aufgrund von Zeugenaussagen — on the basis or strength of the witnesses' testimonies

    auf Grund or aufgrund einer Verwechslung/seiner Eifersucht — owing to or because of a mistake/his jealousy

    ich habe Grund zu der Annahme, dass... — I have reason to believe or grounds for believing that...

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons, arguments for and against

    du hast keinen Grund zum Klagen — you have no cause to complain or for complaint

    jdm Grund (zu etw) geben — to give sb good reason or cause (for sth)

    jdm allen Grund geben, etw zu glauben — to give sb every reason to believe etc sth

    aus guten Gründen, mit gutem Grund — with good reason

    See:
    = zugrunde
    * * *
    der
    1) (a reason for an action; a motive: You had no cause to treat your wife so badly.) cause
    2) (to be the cause of (usually something bad): Who's at the bottom of these rumours?) be at the bottom of
    3) (good reasons: Have you any grounds for calling him a liar?) grounds
    4) (a reason: There is no need for panic.) need
    5) (something which makes something happen, describes why it happened, should happen or is going to happen etc: What is the reason for this noise?; What is your reason for going to London?; The reason (why) I am going is that I want to.) reason
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Gründe>
    [ˈgrʊnt, pl ˈgrʏndə]
    m
    1. (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason, cause; (Beweggrund, Motiv a.) grounds pl
    jede Naturkatastrophe hat einen \Grund every natural disaster has a cause
    der \Grund für das schlechte Wetter ist ein Tiefdruckgebiet the reason for [or cause of] the bad weather is an area of low pressure
    der \Grund für den Mord war Eifersucht the motive for the murder was jealousy
    eigentlich besteht kein \Grund zur Klage there is no [real] cause for complaint
    du hast keinen \Grund, dich zu beklagen you've no reason to complain
    ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons for this
    allen [o sehr wohl] \Grund zu etw dat haben to have every [or very good] reason [or good cause] to do sth
    ohne Angabe von Gründen without giving [any] reasons
    Gründe für etw anführen to give reason for sth
    \Grund zu der Annahme haben, dass... to have reason to believe [or grounds for believing] that...
    auf \Grund einer S. gen owing to [or because of] sth
    auf \Grund von Zeugenaussagen on the basis [or strength] of the witnesses' testimonies
    aus diesem \Grund[e]... for this reason...
    aus Gründen der Diplomatie for reasons of diplomacy
    aus dem einfachen \Grund, weil... for the simple reason that...
    aus finanziellen Gründen for financial reasons
    aus gesundheitlichen Gründen for reasons of health, on health grounds
    aus gutem \Grund with good reason
    aus unerfindlichen Gründen for some obscure reason
    aus welchem \Grund[e]...? for what reason...?
    berechtigten/guten/keinen/nicht den geringsten \Grund haben, etw zu tun to have a legitimate/good/no/not the slightest reason for doing sth
    du hast wirklich keinen \Grund, dich ihm gegenüber so ablehnend zu verhalten you have no real cause to be so stand-offish towards him
    jdm \Grund [zu etw dat] geben to give sb reason [or cause] [to do sth]
    ohne [jeden] \Grund without reason
    zwingende Gründe JUR compelling reasons
    2. kein pl (Boden eines Gewässers) bed, bottom
    am \Grunde des Sees on the seabed, at the bottom of the sea
    ich habe keinen \Grund mehr unter den Füßen I can't touch the bottom [or feel the bottom under my feet] any longer
    ein felsiger/steiniger \Grund a rocky/stony bottom
    auf \Grund laufen [o geraten] NAUT to run aground
    ein Schiff auf \Grund setzen NAUT to scuttle a ship
    auf den \Grund sinken to sink to the bottom
    3. kein pl (Gefäßboden) bottom
    sich akk auf dem \Grund des Glases absetzen to settle to the bottom of the glass
    etw bis auf den \Grund auspumpen/austrinken/leeren to pump sth out/drain/empty sth completely
    4. kein pl (Untergrund) background
    ein weißes Kreuz auf rotem \Grund a white cross on a red background
    5. kein pl (Erdoberfläche) ground
    etw bis auf den \Grund abtragen to raze sth to the ground
    6. kein pl (veraltend: Erdreich) soil
    für solche Pflanzen muss der \Grund sehr feucht sein the soil must be very moist for plants like these
    7. bes ÖSTERR (Grundbesitz) land; (Bauplatz) plot [of land]
    \Grund erwerben to acquire land
    den \Grund bewirtschaften to cultivate [or work] the land
    \Grund und Boden land
    8. (veraltend geh: kleines Tal) valley
    9.
    ▶ auf \Grund von etw dat [o einer S. gen] on the strength [or basis] of sth
    ▶ in \Grund und Boden thoroughly
    du solltest dich in \Grund und Boden schämen! you should be thoroughly [or completely] ashamed of yourself
    ▶ jdn in \Grund und Boden reden to shoot sb's arguments to pieces fam
    ▶ etw dat auf den \Grund gehen [o kommen] to get to the bottom of sth
    ▶ im \Grunde jds Herzens (geh) in one's heart of hearts
    ▶ im \Grunde [genommen] basically
    ▶ den \Grund zu etw dat legen to lay the foundations pl of [or for] sth
    ▶ von \Grund auf [o aus] completely
    * * *
    der; Grund[e]s, Gründe
    2) o. Pl. (eines Gewässers, geh.): (eines Gefäßes) bottom

    im Grunde seines Herzens/seiner Seele — (fig. geh.) at heart or deep down/in his innermost soul

    der Sache (Dat.) auf den Grund gehen/kommen — get to the bottom or root of the matter

    im Grunde [genommen] — basically

    3) (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason; (BewegGrund) grounds pl.; reason

    [k]einen Grund zum Feiern/Klagen haben — have [no] cause for [a] celebration/to complain or for complaint

    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil... — (ugs.) for the simple reason that...

    4)

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons; arguments for and against

    5) (Land) land
    6)

    auf Grund — s. aufgrund

    7)

    zu Grunde — s. zugrunde

    * * *
    Grund m; -(e)s, Gründe
    1. nur sg; (Boden) ground; (Grundbesitz) land, property; (Bauplatz) plot, US lot;
    Grund und Boden land, property
    2. nur sg; von Gewässern, Gefäßen etc: bottom; liter eines Tales: floor;
    laufen run aground;
    in den Grund bohren geh send to the bottom;
    den Grund unter den Füßen verlieren auch fig get out of one’s depth;
    ich habe keinen Grund mehr I can’t touch the bottom, I’m out of my depth;
    ein Glas bis auf den Grund leeren geh drain a glass (to the dregs)
    3. nur sg; ARCH (Fundament) foundations pl
    4. nur sg; (Hintergrund) background; (Grundierung) priming (coat);
    grün auf gelbem Grund green on a yellow ground
    5. nur sg; fig:
    zu lay the foundations of ( oder for);
    einer Sache auf den Grund gehen get to the bottom of sth;
    im Grunde seines Herzens at (the bottom of his) heart;
    auf completely, … through and through;
    im Grunde (genommen) basically, (eigentlich) really;
    in Grund und Boden reden, spielen: into the ground; verdammen: outright; blamieren: utterly; schießen, stampfen: to pieces;
    ich habe mich in Grund und Boden geschämt I wished the earth would open up and swallow me
    6. (Vernunftgrund) reason (
    zu +inf to +inf, for +ger); (Ursache, Anlass) auch cause (
    für of); (Beweggrund) motive; (Argument) argument;
    Gründe für und wider arguments for and against, the pros and cons;
    Gründe anführen state one’s case (
    für for);
    aus gesundheitlichen/familiären Gründen for health/family reasons;
    aus diesem Grund that’s ( oder that was) why, for this reason;
    aus welchem Grund? why?;
    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil oder
    dass … for the simple reason that …;
    mit (gutem) Grund with good reason;
    ohne jeden Grund for no apparent reason;
    nicht ohne Grund not without reason;
    ein Grund mehr zu (+inf) all the more reason to (+inf)
    ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons;
    es hat schon seine Gründe he knows etc what he’s etc doing;
    (
    /keinen Grund haben zu (+inf) have (every)/no reason ( oder cause) to (+inf)
    es besteht (kein/nicht der geringste) Grund zu der Annahme, dass … there is (no/not the slightest) reason to suppose that …;
    kein Grund zur Besorgnis no need to get worried, there’s no cause for concern
    7.
    auf Grund, zu Grunde → aufgrund, zugrunde
    Grund… im subst (grundlegend) basic …
    * * *
    der; Grund[e]s, Gründe
    2) o. Pl. (eines Gewässers, geh.): (eines Gefäßes) bottom

    im Grunde seines Herzens/seiner Seele — (fig. geh.) at heart or deep down/in his innermost soul

    der Sache (Dat.) auf den Grund gehen/kommen — get to the bottom or root of the matter

    im Grunde [genommen] — basically

    3) (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason; (BewegGrund) grounds pl.; reason

    [k]einen Grund zum Feiern/Klagen haben — have [no] cause for [a] celebration/to complain or for complaint

    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil... — (ugs.) for the simple reason that...

    4)

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons; arguments for and against

    5) (Land) land
    6)
    7)
    * * *
    ¨-e m.
    base n.
    bottom n.
    cause n.
    causing n.
    ground n.
    master n.
    matter n.
    reason n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Grund

  • 4 grund

    m; -(e)s, Gründe
    1. nur Sg.; (Boden) ground; (Grundbesitz) land, property; (Bauplatz) plot, Am. lot; Grund und Boden land, property
    2. nur Sg.; von Gewässern, Gefäßen etc.: bottom; lit. eines Tales: floor; auf Grund geraten oder laufen run aground; in den Grund bohren geh. send to the bottom; den Grund unter den Füßen verlieren auch fig. get out of one’s depth; ich habe keinen Grund mehr I can’t touch the bottom, I’m out of my depth; ein Glas bis auf den Grund leeren geh. drain a glass (to the dregs)
    3. nur Sg.; ARCHIT. (Fundament) foundations Pl.
    4. nur Sg.; (Hintergrund) background; (Grundierung) priming (coat); grün auf gelbem Grund green on a yellow ground
    5. nur Sg.; fig.: den Grund legen für oder zu lay the foundations of ( oder for); einer Sache auf den Grund gehen get to the bottom of s.th.; im Grunde seines Herzens at (the bottom of his) heart; von Grund aus oder auf completely,... through and through; im Grunde ( genommen) basically, (eigentlich) really; in Grund und Boden reden, spielen: into the ground; verdammen: outright; blamieren: utterly; schießen, stampfen: to pieces; ich habe mich in Grund und Boden geschämt I wished the earth would open up and swallow me
    6. (Vernunftgrund) reason (zu + Inf. to + Inf., for + Ger.); (Ursache, Anlass) auch cause ( für of); (Beweggrund) motive; (Argument) argument; Gründe für und wider arguments for and against, the pros and cons; Gründe anführen state one’s case ( für for); aus gesundheitlichen / familiären Gründen for health / family reasons; aus diesem Grund that’s ( oder that was) why, for this reason; aus welchem Grund? why?; aus dem einfachen Grund, weil oder dass... for the simple reason that...; mit ( gutem) Grund with good reason; ohne jeden Grund for no apparent reason; nicht ohne Grund not without reason; ein Grund mehr zu (+ Inf.) all the more reason to (+ Inf.) ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons; es hat schon seine Gründe he knows etc. what he’s etc. doing; ( allen oder jeden) / keinen Grund haben zu (+ Inf.) have (every) / no reason ( oder cause) to (+ Inf.) es besteht (kein / nicht der geringste) Grund zu der Annahme, dass... there is (no / not the slightest) reason to suppose that...; kein Grund zur Besorgnis no need to get worried, there’s no cause for concern
    7. auf Grund, zu Grunde aufgrund, zugrunde
    * * *
    der Grund
    (Bodenebene) bottom;
    (Erdboden) ground;
    (Ursache) cause; reason
    * * *
    Grụnd [grʊnt]
    m -(e)s, ordm;e
    1) ['grʏndə]
    no pl (= Erdboden) ground; (old, dial = Erdreich) soil, ground

    in Grund und Boden (fig, sich blamieren, schämen) — utterly; verdammen outright

    jdn in Grund und Boden reden — not to leave sb a leg to stand on, to shoot sb's arguments to pieces

    bis auf den Grund zerstören/abtragen — to raze to the ground

    2) (Aus) (= Bauplatz) (building) plot; (= Grundstück) grounds pl, land no indef art, no pl
    3) no pl (ESP ART) ground; (HER) field
    4) no pl (von Gefäßen, Becken etc) bottom; (= Meeresgrund) (sea)bed; (liter = Talgrund) bottom of the/a valley

    Grund suchen (im Wasser) — to look for a foothold, to try to find the bottom

    das Glas/den Becher bis auf den Grund leeren — to drain the glass/tumbler

    5) no pl lit, fig = Fundament) foundation(s pl); (= das Innerste) depths pl

    von Grund auf or aus — entirely, completely

    von Grund auf neu gebaut/geplant — rebuilt/re-planned from scratch

    im Grunde ( genommen) — basically, fundamentally

    6) (= Ursache, Veranlassung, Ausrede) reason; (= Beweggrund) grounds pl, reason

    aus gesundheitlichen etc Gründen — for health etc reasons, on health etc grounds

    aus dem einfachen Grunde, dass... — for the simple reason that...

    auf Grund or aufgrund von Zeugenaussagen — on the basis or strength of the witnesses' testimonies

    auf Grund or aufgrund einer Verwechslung/seiner Eifersucht — owing to or because of a mistake/his jealousy

    ich habe Grund zu der Annahme, dass... — I have reason to believe or grounds for believing that...

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons, arguments for and against

    du hast keinen Grund zum Klagen — you have no cause to complain or for complaint

    jdm Grund (zu etw) geben — to give sb good reason or cause (for sth)

    jdm allen Grund geben, etw zu glauben — to give sb every reason to believe etc sth

    aus guten Gründen, mit gutem Grund — with good reason

    See:
    = zugrunde
    * * *
    der
    1) (a reason for an action; a motive: You had no cause to treat your wife so badly.) cause
    2) (to be the cause of (usually something bad): Who's at the bottom of these rumours?) be at the bottom of
    3) (good reasons: Have you any grounds for calling him a liar?) grounds
    4) (a reason: There is no need for panic.) need
    5) (something which makes something happen, describes why it happened, should happen or is going to happen etc: What is the reason for this noise?; What is your reason for going to London?; The reason (why) I am going is that I want to.) reason
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Gründe>
    [ˈgrʊnt, pl ˈgrʏndə]
    m
    1. (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason, cause; (Beweggrund, Motiv a.) grounds pl
    jede Naturkatastrophe hat einen \Grund every natural disaster has a cause
    der \Grund für das schlechte Wetter ist ein Tiefdruckgebiet the reason for [or cause of] the bad weather is an area of low pressure
    der \Grund für den Mord war Eifersucht the motive for the murder was jealousy
    eigentlich besteht kein \Grund zur Klage there is no [real] cause for complaint
    du hast keinen \Grund, dich zu beklagen you've no reason to complain
    ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons for this
    allen [o sehr wohl] \Grund zu etw dat haben to have every [or very good] reason [or good cause] to do sth
    ohne Angabe von Gründen without giving [any] reasons
    Gründe für etw anführen to give reason for sth
    \Grund zu der Annahme haben, dass... to have reason to believe [or grounds for believing] that...
    auf \Grund einer S. gen owing to [or because of] sth
    auf \Grund von Zeugenaussagen on the basis [or strength] of the witnesses' testimonies
    aus diesem \Grund[e]... for this reason...
    aus Gründen der Diplomatie for reasons of diplomacy
    aus dem einfachen \Grund, weil... for the simple reason that...
    aus finanziellen Gründen for financial reasons
    aus gesundheitlichen Gründen for reasons of health, on health grounds
    aus gutem \Grund with good reason
    aus unerfindlichen Gründen for some obscure reason
    aus welchem \Grund[e]...? for what reason...?
    berechtigten/guten/keinen/nicht den geringsten \Grund haben, etw zu tun to have a legitimate/good/no/not the slightest reason for doing sth
    du hast wirklich keinen \Grund, dich ihm gegenüber so ablehnend zu verhalten you have no real cause to be so stand-offish towards him
    jdm \Grund [zu etw dat] geben to give sb reason [or cause] [to do sth]
    ohne [jeden] \Grund without reason
    zwingende Gründe JUR compelling reasons
    2. kein pl (Boden eines Gewässers) bed, bottom
    am \Grunde des Sees on the seabed, at the bottom of the sea
    ich habe keinen \Grund mehr unter den Füßen I can't touch the bottom [or feel the bottom under my feet] any longer
    ein felsiger/steiniger \Grund a rocky/stony bottom
    auf \Grund laufen [o geraten] NAUT to run aground
    ein Schiff auf \Grund setzen NAUT to scuttle a ship
    auf den \Grund sinken to sink to the bottom
    3. kein pl (Gefäßboden) bottom
    sich akk auf dem \Grund des Glases absetzen to settle to the bottom of the glass
    etw bis auf den \Grund auspumpen/austrinken/leeren to pump sth out/drain/empty sth completely
    4. kein pl (Untergrund) background
    ein weißes Kreuz auf rotem \Grund a white cross on a red background
    5. kein pl (Erdoberfläche) ground
    etw bis auf den \Grund abtragen to raze sth to the ground
    6. kein pl (veraltend: Erdreich) soil
    für solche Pflanzen muss der \Grund sehr feucht sein the soil must be very moist for plants like these
    7. bes ÖSTERR (Grundbesitz) land; (Bauplatz) plot [of land]
    \Grund erwerben to acquire land
    den \Grund bewirtschaften to cultivate [or work] the land
    \Grund und Boden land
    8. (veraltend geh: kleines Tal) valley
    9.
    ▶ auf \Grund von etw dat [o einer S. gen] on the strength [or basis] of sth
    ▶ in \Grund und Boden thoroughly
    du solltest dich in \Grund und Boden schämen! you should be thoroughly [or completely] ashamed of yourself
    ▶ jdn in \Grund und Boden reden to shoot sb's arguments to pieces fam
    ▶ etw dat auf den \Grund gehen [o kommen] to get to the bottom of sth
    ▶ im \Grunde jds Herzens (geh) in one's heart of hearts
    ▶ im \Grunde [genommen] basically
    ▶ den \Grund zu etw dat legen to lay the foundations pl of [or for] sth
    ▶ von \Grund auf [o aus] completely
    * * *
    der; Grund[e]s, Gründe
    2) o. Pl. (eines Gewässers, geh.): (eines Gefäßes) bottom

    im Grunde seines Herzens/seiner Seele — (fig. geh.) at heart or deep down/in his innermost soul

    der Sache (Dat.) auf den Grund gehen/kommen — get to the bottom or root of the matter

    im Grunde [genommen] — basically

    3) (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason; (BewegGrund) grounds pl.; reason

    [k]einen Grund zum Feiern/Klagen haben — have [no] cause for [a] celebration/to complain or for complaint

    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil... — (ugs.) for the simple reason that...

    4)

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons; arguments for and against

    5) (Land) land
    6)

    auf Grund — s. aufgrund

    7)

    zu Grunde — s. zugrunde

    * * *
    grund… im adj really …, thoroughly …
    * * *
    der; Grund[e]s, Gründe
    2) o. Pl. (eines Gewässers, geh.): (eines Gefäßes) bottom

    im Grunde seines Herzens/seiner Seele — (fig. geh.) at heart or deep down/in his innermost soul

    der Sache (Dat.) auf den Grund gehen/kommen — get to the bottom or root of the matter

    im Grunde [genommen] — basically

    3) (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason; (BewegGrund) grounds pl.; reason

    [k]einen Grund zum Feiern/Klagen haben — have [no] cause for [a] celebration/to complain or for complaint

    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil... — (ugs.) for the simple reason that...

    4)

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons; arguments for and against

    5) (Land) land
    6)
    7)
    * * *
    ¨-e m.
    base n.
    bottom n.
    cause n.
    causing n.
    ground n.
    master n.
    matter n.
    reason n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > grund

  • 5 retirar

    v.
    1 to remove.
    me ha retirado el saludo he's not speaking to me
    2 to force to retire (jubilar) (a deportista).
    una lesión lo retiró de la alta competición an injury forced him to retire from top-flight competition
    3 to pick up, to collect.
    puede pasar a retirar sus fotos el jueves you can pick your photos up o collect your photos on Thursday
    4 to take back (retractarse de).
    ¡retira eso que o lo que dijiste! take that back!, take back what you said!
    5 to withdraw, to draw off, to draw out, to retire.
    Retiramos nuestro dinero We withdrew our money.
    6 to call in, to call back.
    La fábrica retiró diez piezas malas The factory called in ten damaged units.
    * * *
    1 (apartar - gen) to take away, remove; (- un mueble) to move away
    2 (un carnet) to take away
    3 (algo dicho) to take back
    4 (dinero, ley, moneda) to withdraw
    5 (jubilar) to retire
    1 MILITAR to retreat, withdraw
    2 (apartarse del mundo) to go into seclusion
    3 (apartarse) to withdraw, draw back, move back
    ■ retírate, no veo move back, I can't see
    4 (alejarse) to move away
    ■ retírate de la ventana, te van a ver move away from the window, they'll see you
    5 (marcharse) to leave
    ■ cuando acabó, se retiró when he finished, he left
    6 (irse a descansar) to retire
    7 (jubilarse) to retire
    \
    no se retire (al teléfono) hold on, don't hang up
    * * *
    verb
    1) to take away, remove
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ acusación, apoyo, subvención] to withdraw; [+ demanda] to withdraw, take back

    retiró su candidatura a la Presidencia — he stood down from the presidential election, he withdrew his candidacy for the presidency

    2) [+ moneda, sello] to withdraw (from circulation); [+ autobús, avión] to withdraw (from service)

    estos aviones serán retirados de o del servicio — these planes are to be withdrawn from service

    3) [+ permiso, carnet, pasaporte] to withdraw, take away
    4) [+ dinero] to withdraw
    5) [+ tropas] to withdraw; [+ embajador] to recall, withdraw; [+ atleta, caballo] to withdraw, scratch
    6) (=quitar) to take away, remove
    7) [+ cabeza, cara] to pull back, pull away; [+ mano] to draw back, withdraw; [+ tentáculo] to draw in
    8) (=jubilar) to retire, pension off
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( quitar) to remove, take away; ( apartar) to move away

    retiró la cacerola del fuego — he removed the saucepan from the heat, he took the saucepan off the heat

    b) <cabeza/mano> to pull... back
    c) <embajador/tropas> to withdraw, pull out
    d) < jugador> to take off, pull... out of the game; <corredor/ciclista> to withdraw, pull out
    e) (+ me/te/le etc) < apoyo> to withdraw; <pasaporte/carnet> to withdraw, take away
    2) <afirmaciones/propuesta> to withdraw
    3)
    a) (de cuenta, fondo) < dinero> to withdraw
    b) ( recoger) <carnet/entradas> to collect
    2.
    retirarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( apartarse) to move back o away; ( irse) to leave, withdraw
    b) ejército/tropas to withdraw, pull out
    c) ( irse a dormir) to go to bed, retire (frml)
    2) ( jubilarse) to retire; ( de actividad) to withdraw

    se retiró de la carrera — ( antes de iniciarse) he pulled out of o withdrew from the race; ( una vez iniciada) he pulled out of o retired from the race

    * * *
    = pick up, withdraw, retire, take back, perfect, revoke, haul away.
    Ex. Then these suggestion can be picked up by the editor, and communicated to the author.
    Ex. Thus, all cards corresponding to documents covering 'Curricula' are withdrawn from the pack.
    Ex. This article stresses the importance for libraries of making current informationav ailable on AIDS, and of retiring out-of-date information on the subject.
    Ex. These are some of the questions the librarian may have to answer: 'Can you recommend a baby-sitter I can trust?', 'How can I stop the hire-purchase company taking back my furniture?', 'Which is the best shoe repairer's in the neighbourhood?'.
    Ex. Even the fully-developed rotary, which soon included devices for cutting and folding the paper as well as for printing and perfecting it, remained fundamentally simple.
    Ex. I would think that we would still charge for lost and damaged books and that we would revoke borrowing privileges of chronic offenders, or whatever we decide to call them.
    Ex. City workers carried out orders to burn some of the library books, while others were buried with the aid of a bulldozer; the remaining books were loaded on trucks and hauled away to trash dumps on the outskirts of the city.
    ----
    * retirar del mercado = withdraw from + sale, take off + the market.
    * retirar dinero = withdraw + cash.
    * retirar paulatinamente = phase out.
    * retirarse = retreat, pull back, bow out, draw back, stand down, back out, walk out.
    * retirarse a los aposientos de Uno = retire + at night.
    * retirarse (de) = pull out of, pull away (from).
    * retirarse por cobardía = wimp out (on), wimp, chicken out (on/of).
    * retirarse por miedo = wimp out (on), wimp, chicken out (on/of).
    * retirar una acusación = drop + a charge.
    * retirar una propuesta = withdraw + proposal.
    * retirar un libro en préstamo = check out + book.
    * sin retirar = uncleared, uncollected.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( quitar) to remove, take away; ( apartar) to move away

    retiró la cacerola del fuego — he removed the saucepan from the heat, he took the saucepan off the heat

    b) <cabeza/mano> to pull... back
    c) <embajador/tropas> to withdraw, pull out
    d) < jugador> to take off, pull... out of the game; <corredor/ciclista> to withdraw, pull out
    e) (+ me/te/le etc) < apoyo> to withdraw; <pasaporte/carnet> to withdraw, take away
    2) <afirmaciones/propuesta> to withdraw
    3)
    a) (de cuenta, fondo) < dinero> to withdraw
    b) ( recoger) <carnet/entradas> to collect
    2.
    retirarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( apartarse) to move back o away; ( irse) to leave, withdraw
    b) ejército/tropas to withdraw, pull out
    c) ( irse a dormir) to go to bed, retire (frml)
    2) ( jubilarse) to retire; ( de actividad) to withdraw

    se retiró de la carrera — ( antes de iniciarse) he pulled out of o withdrew from the race; ( una vez iniciada) he pulled out of o retired from the race

    * * *
    = pick up, withdraw, retire, take back, perfect, revoke, haul away.

    Ex: Then these suggestion can be picked up by the editor, and communicated to the author.

    Ex: Thus, all cards corresponding to documents covering 'Curricula' are withdrawn from the pack.
    Ex: This article stresses the importance for libraries of making current informationav ailable on AIDS, and of retiring out-of-date information on the subject.
    Ex: These are some of the questions the librarian may have to answer: 'Can you recommend a baby-sitter I can trust?', 'How can I stop the hire-purchase company taking back my furniture?', 'Which is the best shoe repairer's in the neighbourhood?'.
    Ex: Even the fully-developed rotary, which soon included devices for cutting and folding the paper as well as for printing and perfecting it, remained fundamentally simple.
    Ex: I would think that we would still charge for lost and damaged books and that we would revoke borrowing privileges of chronic offenders, or whatever we decide to call them.
    Ex: City workers carried out orders to burn some of the library books, while others were buried with the aid of a bulldozer; the remaining books were loaded on trucks and hauled away to trash dumps on the outskirts of the city.
    * retirar del mercado = withdraw from + sale, take off + the market.
    * retirar dinero = withdraw + cash.
    * retirar paulatinamente = phase out.
    * retirarse = retreat, pull back, bow out, draw back, stand down, back out, walk out.
    * retirarse a los aposientos de Uno = retire + at night.
    * retirarse (de) = pull out of, pull away (from).
    * retirarse por cobardía = wimp out (on), wimp, chicken out (on/of).
    * retirarse por miedo = wimp out (on), wimp, chicken out (on/of).
    * retirar una acusación = drop + a charge.
    * retirar una propuesta = withdraw + proposal.
    * retirar un libro en préstamo = check out + book.
    * sin retirar = uncleared, uncollected.

    * * *
    retirar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (quitar) to remove, take away; (apartar) to move o take away
    retiraron las sillas para que pudiéramos bailar they moved o took away the chairs so that we could dance
    el camarero retiró los platos the waiter took o cleared the plates away
    retiraron los dos vehículos accidentados the two vehicles involved in the accident were moved out of the way o were removed
    los vehículos mal estacionados serán retirados badly-parked vehicles will be towed (away) o removed
    sin retirar la tapadera without taking off o removing the lid
    retiraremos a nuestro embajador we shall recall o withdraw our ambassador
    retirar algo DE algo:
    retíralo de la chimenea un poco move it back from the fireplace a little, move it a bit further away from the fire
    retiró la cacerola del fuego he removed the saucepan from the heat, he took the saucepan off the heat
    retiraron los tres coches de la calzada the three cars were removed from o moved off the road
    el autobús tuvo que ser retirado del servicio the bus had to be withdrawn from service
    retiró el ejército de la frontera he withdrew the army from the border
    serán retirados de la circulación they will be withdrawn from circulation
    2 ‹cabeza/mano›
    en el último momento retiró la cabeza at the last moment she pulled her head back o away
    no intentes retirar la mano don't try to pull your hand back ( o out etc), don't try to remove o withdraw your hand
    retirar algo DE algo:
    retiré la mano de la bolsa I took my hand out of the bag, I removed o withdrew my hand from the bag
    3 «entrenador» ‹jugador› to take off, pull … out of the game; ‹corredor/ciclista› to withdraw, pull out
    4 (+ me/te/le etc) ‹apoyo› to withdraw; ‹pasaporte/carnet› to withdraw, take away
    me retiró el saludo/la palabra she stopped saying hello to me/speaking to me
    B ‹afirmaciones/acusación› to withdraw; ‹candidatura/propuesta› to withdraw
    retiro lo dicho I take back o withdraw what I said
    C
    1 (de una cuenta, un fondo) ‹dinero› to withdraw
    2 (recoger) ‹certificado/carnet/entradas› to collect
    A
    1 (apartarse) to move back o away; (irse) to leave, withdraw
    me retiré de la puerta para dejarle paso I moved back from o away from o I stood back from the door to let him through
    puede retirarse you may go o ( frml) withdraw
    el ejército se retiró de la zona the army withdrew from o pulled out of the area
    se retiró a un convento he retired o withdrew to a monastery
    cuando las aguas se retiraron when the waters receded o retreated
    2 (irse a dormir) to go to bed, retire ( frml)
    B
    1 (jubilarse) to retire
    2 (de una actividad) to withdraw
    se retiró una semana antes de la votación he withdrew one week before the vote
    se retiró de la vida pública she retired o withdrew from public life
    se retiró de la carrera/competición (antes de iniciarse) he pulled out of o withdrew from the race/competition; (una vez iniciada) he pulled out of o retired from the race/competition
    * * *

     

    retirar ( conjugate retirar) verbo transitivo
    1

    ( apartar) to move away;

    retirar de la circulación to withdraw from circulation
    b) ‹cabeza/mano› to pull … back

    c) ‹embajador/tropas› to withdraw, pull out

    d) (+ me/te/le etc) ‹ apoyo› to withdraw;

    ‹pasaporte/carnet› to withdraw, take away
    2 ‹afirmaciones/propuesta› to withdraw;

    3 ( de cuenta) ‹ dinero› to withdraw
    retirarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) ( apartarse) to move back o away;

    ( irse) to leave, withdraw
    b) [ejército/tropas] to withdraw, pull out


    2 ( jubilarse) to retire;
    ( de competición — antes de iniciarse) to withdraw, pull out;
    (— una vez iniciada) to pull out
    retirar verbo transitivo
    1 (de un lugar) to remove, move away: ya hemos retirado todos los muebles, we've already removed all of the furniture
    2 (de una actividad) to retire from
    3 (una ayuda, dinero) to withdraw
    4 (un comentario) to take back: espero que retires esas palabras, I hope you take back those words
    5 (el pasaporte, carné) to take away
    ' retirar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    quitar
    - saludo
    - desautorizar
    - sacar
    English:
    draw back
    - ex
    - ground
    - ill health
    - phase
    - pull out
    - recall
    - retire
    - retract
    - take back
    - take out
    - withdraw
    - call
    - disengage
    - drop
    - pull
    - reclaim
    - take
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [quitar, sacar] to remove (a from); [moneda, producto] to withdraw (de from); [carné, pasaporte] to take away (a from); [ayuda, subvención, apoyo] to withdraw (a from); [ejército, tropas] to withdraw (de from); [embajador] to withdraw, to recall (de from);
    retirar dinero del banco/de la cuenta to withdraw money from the bank/one's account;
    el entrenador retiró a Claudio del terreno de juego/del equipo the manager took Claudio off/left Claudio out of the team;
    me ha retirado el saludo she's not speaking to me
    2. [apartar, quitar de en medio] [objeto] to move away;
    [nieve] to clear; [mano] to withdraw;
    habrá que retirar ese armario de ahí we'll have to move that wardrobe (away) from there;
    retira el dedo o te cortarás move your finger back or you'll cut yourself
    3. [recoger, llevarse] to pick up, to collect;
    puede pasar a retirar sus fotos el jueves you can pick your photos up o collect your photos on Thursday
    4. [retractarse de] [insultos, acusaciones, afirmaciones] to take back;
    [denuncia] to drop;
    ¡retira eso que o [m5] lo que dijiste! take that back!, take back what you said!
    5. [jubilar] [a empleado] to retire;
    una lesión lo retiró de la alta competición an injury forced him to retire from top-flight competition
    * * *
    v/t silla, obstáculo take away, remove; acusación, dinero withdraw
    * * *
    1) : to remove, to take away, to recall
    2) : to withdraw, to take out
    * * *
    1. (en general) to withdraw [pt. withdrew; pp. withdrawn]
    2. (acusación, palabras) to take back [pt. took; pp. taken]

    Spanish-English dictionary > retirar

  • 6 предположение

    (= гипотеза) supposition, hypothesis, suggestion, assumption, premise, conjecture, presumption, guess, proposal
    • Будем отыскивать противоречие с предположением, что... - We shall seek a contradiction to the assumption that...
    • Было сделано предположение, что... - It was assumed that...
    • В (1) неявно принимается предположение, что... - Implicit in (1) is the assumption that...
    • В данном параграфе делаются следующие предположения:... - In this section the following assumptions are made: (i)...
    • В данном подходе имеется неявное предположение, что... - Implicit in this viewpoint is the assumption that...
    • В этой модели делается неявное предположение, что... - Implicit in this model is the assumption that...
    • Возможно, это разумное предположение, что... - It is probably a reasonable assumption that...
    • Все эти исследования основываются на одном и том же предположении. - All these studies rest on the same assumption.
    • Данное доказательство существенно опирается на наше предположение о том, что... - The proof rests fundamentally on our assumption that...
    • Данный результат объясняется и качественно, и количественно предположением, что... - This result is both qualitatively and quantitatively explained by the assumption that...
    • Джонс делает предположение, что... - Jones makes the assumption that...
    • До сих пор мы не делали предположений относительно... - So far we have made no assumptions regarding...
    • Другое рабочее предположение состоит в том, что... - Another working assumption is that...
    • Если это предположение неверно, то... - If this assumption is wrong, then...
    • Затем, согласно предположению,... - Then, by hypothesis,...
    • Здесь мы уже сделали два важных предположения. - Here we have made two important assumptions.
    • Имеется несколько причин, по. которым в этом предположении следует усомниться. - There are several reasons why this assumption should be questioned.
    • Интересно предположение, действительно ли... - It is interesting to speculate whether...
    • Исходя из ошибочного предположения, что... - On the mistaken assumption that...
    • Каждая из этих теорий включает в себя предположения относительно... - Each of these theories involves assumptions about...
    • Можно было бы попытаться объяснить этот эффект предположением, что... - One could try to explain this effect by assuming that...
    • Мы будем придерживаться нашего начального предположения, что... - We shall maintain our initial assumption that...
    • Мы делаем обычное предположение, что... - We make the usual assumption that...
    • Мы делаем это в предположении, что... - We do this on the assumption that...
    • Мы докажем эту теорему при дополнительном предположении, что... - We prove this theorem subject to the extra assumption that...
    • Мы исходим из предположения... - We proceed from the assumption that...; We operate on the premise that...
    • Наиболее просто это было объяснено предположением, что... - This was most simply explained by the supposition that...
    • Напоминаем, что по отношению... не было введено никаких предположений. - Recall that no assumptions have been made with regard to...
    • Наши рассуждения в предыдущем параграфе могли бы привести нас к предположению, что... - Our work in the previous section might lead us to suspect that...
    • Нашим начальным предположением было то, что... - Our initial assumption was that...
    • Необходимо сделать некоторое предположение относительно... - It is necessary to make some assumption regarding...
    • Неявно в этом предположении содержится... - Implicit in this assumption is that...
    • Обоснование данного предположения затрагивает теорию... - The justification of this assumption involves the theory of...
    • Обоснование для этих предположений находится единственно в... - The justification of these assumptions lies solely in...
    • Однако мы никогда не вводили никаких предположений относительно... - At no time, however, have we made any assumptions regarding...
    • Однако не менее важным является предположение, что... - Equally important, however, is the assumption that...
    • Они были выведены в предположении, что... - These were derived on the assumption that...
    • Они ввели простое предположение, что... - They made the simple assumption that...
    • Относительно... здесь не делается никаких предположений. - No assumption is made here about...
    • Предыдущее уравнение базируется на предположении... - The above equation is based on the assumption that...
    • Предыдущие рассуждения базируются на предположении... - The foregoing arguments rely on the assumption that...
    • Предыдущие результаты были получены в рамках предположения... - The above results have been obtained under the assumption of...
    • При более слабых предположениях о регулярности начальных данных... - Under weaker regularity assumptions on initial data...
    • При этих предположениях относительно к мы получаем... - Under the assumptions made on к, we get...
    • Простейшее разумное предположение состоит в том, что... - The simplest reasonable assumption is that...
    • Распространенной ошибкой является предположение, что... - It is a common error to suppose that...
    • Следовательно, мы выдвигаем предположение, что... - We therefore conjecture that...
    • Справедливость данного предположения будет рассмотрена позднее, когда... - The validity of this assumption will be considered further when...
    • Теперь мы исключим предположение, что... - We now remove the assumption that...
    • Теперь это предположение доказано, так как... - This assumption has now been justified, since...
    • Тест основывается на предположении о том, что... - The test rests on the assumption that...
    • Хотя такое предположение кажется правдоподобным,... - Although such an assumption seems plausible,...
    • Чтобы доказать это утверждение, мы сделаем упрощающее предположение, что... - То prove this statement, we make the simplifying assumption that...
    • Чтобы избежать неуместных усложнений, мы сделаем упрощающее предположение, что... - То avoid undue complication we make the simplifying assumption that...
    • Эти результаты согласуются с предположением, что... - These results are consistent with the assumption that...
    • Это очень грубое предположение влечет за собой... - This very crude assumption yields...
    • Это предположение игнорирует тот факт, что... - The assumption ignores the fact that...
    • Это предположение согласуется с... - The assumption is consistent with...
    • Это противоречит предположению, что... - This is contrary to the hypothesis that...
    • Это противоречит широко используемому предположению, что... - This is contrary to the widely used assumption that...
    • Это решение основано/основывается на предположении, что... - This solution is based on the assumption that...
    • Это является следствием предположения относительно существования... - This is a consequence of assuming the existence of...
    • Этот результат не зависит ни от каких предположений относительно... - This result is independent of any assumption about...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > предположение

  • 7 в принципе

    •

    Fundamentally, the giant planets differ from the Earth chiefly in that...

    •

    The artificially induced mutations are in principle (or basically) of the same kind as the spontaneous ones.

    •

    In principle, the capacitance of the reference condenser can be deduced from its geometry.

    •

    The treatment of alluvial tin is not essentially different, though varying in detail.

    * * *
    В принципе -- in principle; conceivably (по идее); theoretically, fundamentally (теоретически)
     In principle, measurement of steam quality using a light attenuation technique is quite simple. In reality, however, accomplishing this in a field turbine environment is quite difficult.
     The extent of such further measurements could conceivably involve a full code acceptance test.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в принципе

  • 8 в принципе

    •

    Fundamentally, the giant planets differ from the Earth chiefly in that...

    •

    The artificially induced mutations are in principle (or basically) of the same kind as the spontaneous ones.

    •

    In principle, the capacitance of the reference condenser can be deduced from its geometry.

    •

    The treatment of alluvial tin is not essentially different, though varying in detail.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в принципе

  • 9 manera

    f.
    1 way, manner.
    a manera de as, by way of (como)
    a la manera de in the style of, after the fashion of
    a mi manera de ver the way I see it
    de cualquier manera any old how; (sin cuidado) anyway, in any case (de todos modos)
    de esta manera in this way
    lo hice de la misma manera que ayer/tú I did it the same way as yesterday/you
    de manera que so (that)
    de ninguna manera, en manera alguna by no means, under no circumstances; (refuerza negación) no way!, certainly not! (respuesta exclamativa)
    de una manera o de otra one way or another
    no hay manera there is no way, it's impossible
    ¡contigo no hay manera! you're impossible!
    ¡qué manera de llover! just look at that rain!
    manera de pensar way of thinking
    manera de ser way of being, nature
    2 fashion, style.
    * * *
    1 (gen) way, manner
    1 (educación) manners
    \
    a manera de by way of
    a la manera de in the style of
    de cualquier manera (en cualquier caso) in any case 2 (sin cuidado, consideración, interés) carelessly
    de manera que so that
    de ninguna manera certainly not
    de todas maneras in any case, anyhow
    ¡de una manera! in such a way!
    en gran manera enormously
    no hay manera it's impossible
    ¡qué manera de... ! what a way to... !
    manera de ser character
    * * *
    noun f.
    way, manner
    - de ninguna manera
    - de todas maneras
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=modo) way

    eso no es manera de tratar a un animal — that's not the way to treat an animal, that's no way to treat an animal

    ¡llovía de una manera! — it was really pouring down!

    ¡nunca he visto nevar de esta manera! — I've never seen it snow like this!

    no hubo manera de convencerla — there was no convincing her, there was no way we could convince her

    • a mi/tu etc manera — my/your etc way

    a mi manera de ver, tenemos dos opciones — the way I see it, we have two options

    • a la manera de algn/algo, siguen arando a la manera de sus abuelos — they still plough as o in the way their grandfathers did

    • de manera perfecta — perfectly, in a perfect way

    • de esta manera — (in) this way, (in) this fashion

    • de la misma manera — (in) the same way, (in) the same fashion

    manera de ser, es su manera de ser — that's the way she is

    2) [locuciones]

    • de alguna manera — (=en cierto modo) to some extent; (=de cualquier modo) somehow; [al principio de frase] in a way, in some ways

    • en cierta manera — in a way, to a certain extent

    • de cualquier manera — (=sin cuidado) any old how; (=de todos modos) anyway

    • en gran manera — to a large extent

    • de mala manera, le pegó de mala manera — he hit her really hard

    lo estafaron de mala manera — * they really ripped him off *

    ese tío se enrolla de mala manera — * that guy just can't stop jabbering *

    • de ninguna manera, eso no lo vamos a aceptar de ninguna manera — there's no way we are going to accept that

    ¡de ninguna manera! — certainly not!, no way!

    • de otra manera — (=de otro modo) in a different way; (=por otra parte) otherwise

    de otra manera, no es posible entender su actitud — otherwise, it's impossible to understand his attitude

    dicho de otra manera — in other words, to put it another way

    • sobre manera — exceedingly

    • de tal manera que... — in such a way that...

    • de todas maneras — anyway, in any case

    3)

    • de manera que — [antes de verbo] so; [después de verbo] so that

    ¿de manera que esto no te gusta? — so you don't like this?

    4) pl maneras (=modales) manners

    malas maneras — bad manners, rudeness

    tener maneras — LAm to have good manners, be well-mannered

    5) liter (=tipo) kind
    6) (Arte, Literat) (=estilo) style
    MANERA, FORMA, MODO De manera + ((adjetivo)) ► Cuando de manera + ((adjetivo)) añade información sobre una acción, la traducción más frecuente al inglés es un adverbio terminado en -ly. En inglés este tipo de adverbio es mucho más común que el equivalente - mente español: Todos estos cambios ocurren de manera natural All these changes happen naturally La Constitución prohíbe de manera expresa la especulación inmobiliaria The Constitution expressly forbids speculation in real estate ► De manera + ((adjetivo)) también se puede traducir por in a + ((adjetvo)) + way si no existe un adverbio terminado en -ly que equivalga al adjetivo: Se lo dijo de manera amistosa He said it to her in a friendly way ► En los casos en que se quiere hacer hincapié en la manera de hacer algo, se puede utilizar tanto un adverbio en -ly como la construcción in a + ((adjetivo)) + way, aunque esta última posibilidad es más frecuente: Tienes que intentar comportarte de manera responsable You must try to behave responsibly o in a responsible way Ellos podrán ayudarte a manejar tu negocio de manera profesional They'll be able to help you run your business professionally o in a professional way Para otros usos y ejemplos ver manera, forma, modo
    * * *
    1)
    a) (modo, forma) way

    yo lo hago a mi manera — I do it my way, I have my own way of doing it

    ¿qué manera de comer es ésa? — that's no way to eat your food

    comimos de una manera...! — you should have seen the amount we ate!

    no saldrás a la calle vestida de esa manera ¿no? — you're not going out dressed like that, are you?

    no lo pongas así de cualquier manera, dóblalo — don't just put it in any which way (AmE) o (BrE) any old how, fold it up

    no hay/hubo manera — it is/it was impossible

    de cualquier manera or de todas maneras — anyway

    de manera que — ( así que) (+ indic) so; ( para que) (+ subj) so that, so

    de ninguna manera: ¿me lo das? - de ninguna manera will you give it to me? - certainly not; de ninguna manera lo voy a permitir there's no way I'm going to allow it; no son de ninguna manera inferiores they are in no way inferior; sobre manera sobremanera; de mala manera: me contestó de muy mala manera she answered me very rudely; la trataba de mala manera he used to treat her badly; los precios han subido de mala manera (Esp) prices have shot up (colloq); lo malcrió de mala manera (Esp) she spoiled him terribly o (colloq) rotten; querer algo de mala manera — (Esp fam) to want something really badly

    2) maneras femenino plural ( modales) manners (pl)
    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], avenue, form, guise, means, way, manner, fashion.
    Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.
    Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex. In various guises, the basic concepts have found application in the design of a number of special classification schemes.
    Ex. The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex. City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.
    Ex. It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.
    ----
    * a + Posesivo + manera = in + Posesivo + own way.
    * buscar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * conseguido de manera dudosa = ill-gotten.
    * de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.
    * de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.
    * de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].
    * de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).
    * dejar que Alguien haga las cosas a su manera = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.
    * de la manera normal = in the normal manner.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la misma manera = by the same token.
    * de la misma manera (que) = in the same way (as), in the same manner (as).
    * de la otra manera = the other way (a)round.
    * de las dos maneras = in both ways.
    * de la siguiente manera = in the following terms.
    * de manera amena = pleasantly.
    * de manera clara = distinctly, clearly.
    * de manera confusa = hazily.
    * de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * de manera constructiva = constructively.
    * de manera decepcionante = disappointingly.
    * de manera deprimente = sombrely [somberly, -USA].
    * de manera despreocupada = casually.
    * de manera desproporcionada = disproportionately.
    * de manera divertida = funnily.
    * de manera encantadora = winningly.
    * de manera escandalosa = outrageously.
    * de manera especial = in a certain way, in a special way.
    * de manera esquemática = briefly.
    * de manera estupenda = marvellously [marvelously, -USA].
    * de manera extraña = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera global = holistically.
    * de manera graciosa = funnily.
    * de manera grotesca = grotesquely.
    * de manera humillante = abjectly.
    * de manera inconsecuente = inconsistently.
    * de manera informal = casually.
    * de manera inquietante = eerily.
    * de manera insinuante = suggestively.
    * de manera intermitente = intermittently.
    * de manera involuntaria = involuntarily.
    * de manera lamentable = lamentably, miserably.
    * de manera lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de manera maravillosa = marvellously [marvelously, -USA].
    * de manera marginal = tangentially.
    * de manera memorable = memorably.
    * de manera misteriosa = eerily.
    * de manera muy clara = in no uncertain terms.
    * de manera muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de manera muy superficial = sketchily.
    * de manera negativa = in a negative light.
    * de manera obsesiva = neurotically.
    * de manera óptima = optimally.
    * de manera poco convincente = lamely.
    * de manera poco ética = unethically.
    * de manera poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de manera positiva = in a positive light.
    * de manera precisa = precisely.
    * de manera preocupante = disturbingly.
    * de manera previsible = predictably.
    * de manera protectora = protectively.
    * de manera provocativa = suggestively.
    * de manera que = in a form that.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera realista = realistically.
    * de manera semipermanente = on a semi-permanent basis.
    * de manera significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.
    * de manera similar = in a similar way.
    * de manera similar a = in a similar manner to.
    * de manera sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de manera sorprendente = shockingly.
    * de manera sutil = subtly.
    * de manera tangencial = tangentially.
    * de manera uniforme = evenly.
    * de manera vaga = hazily.
    * de mejor manera = best.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way, in more ways than one.
    * de ninguna manera = at all, in any sense of the word, not at all, under no/any circumstances, on no account, not on any account, in any way at all.
    * !de ninguna manera! = Not on your life!, over + Posesivo + dead body.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de tal manera que = so that.
    * de todas maneras = at any rate.
    * de una manera + Adjetivo = in + Adjetivo + fashion, in a + Adjetivo + manner, in + Adjetivo + manner, in a + Adjetivo + vein.
    * de una manera eficaz = competently.
    * de una manera extraña = strangely.
    * de una manera genial = in a masterful way.
    * de una manera lógica = logically.
    * de una manera más sencilla = in digestible form.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de una manera satisfactoria = neatly.
    * de una manera seductora = seductively.
    * de una manera significativa = meaningfully.
    * de una manera simple = in a simple manner.
    * de una manera solemne = solemnly.
    * de una manera tentad = seductively.
    * de una manera tentadora = seductively.
    * de una manera torpe = awkwardly, cumbrously.
    * de una misma manera = in a similar fashion.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * expresar de otra manera = rephrase.
    * fracasar de manera lamentable = fail + miserably, fail + dismally.
    * justo de la misma manera que = in just the same way as.
    * la manera de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.
    * la mejor manera = how best.
    * la mejor manera de = the best way of.
    * manera de actuar = line of attack.
    * manera de pensar = way of thinking.
    * manera de trabajar = work practice.
    * manera de tratar = avenue of approach.
    * manera de ver las cosas = line of thought.
    * no haber manera de = there + be + no way.
    * no hay manera de que = for the life of me.
    * pero no hubo manera = but no dice.
    * ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.
    * por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.
    * por la manera = by the way.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * redactar de otra manera = reword.
    * ser la manera de = be a recipe for.
    * ser la mejor manera de = be the conduit for.
    * una manera de empezar = a foot in the door.
    * usar de manera general = be in general use.
    * ver las cosas de diferente manera = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de una manera diferente = see + things differently.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (modo, forma) way

    yo lo hago a mi manera — I do it my way, I have my own way of doing it

    ¿qué manera de comer es ésa? — that's no way to eat your food

    comimos de una manera...! — you should have seen the amount we ate!

    no saldrás a la calle vestida de esa manera ¿no? — you're not going out dressed like that, are you?

    no lo pongas así de cualquier manera, dóblalo — don't just put it in any which way (AmE) o (BrE) any old how, fold it up

    no hay/hubo manera — it is/it was impossible

    de cualquier manera or de todas maneras — anyway

    de manera que — ( así que) (+ indic) so; ( para que) (+ subj) so that, so

    de ninguna manera: ¿me lo das? - de ninguna manera will you give it to me? - certainly not; de ninguna manera lo voy a permitir there's no way I'm going to allow it; no son de ninguna manera inferiores they are in no way inferior; sobre manera sobremanera; de mala manera: me contestó de muy mala manera she answered me very rudely; la trataba de mala manera he used to treat her badly; los precios han subido de mala manera (Esp) prices have shot up (colloq); lo malcrió de mala manera (Esp) she spoiled him terribly o (colloq) rotten; querer algo de mala manera — (Esp fam) to want something really badly

    2) maneras femenino plural ( modales) manners (pl)
    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], avenue, form, guise, means, way, manner, fashion.

    Ex: During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.

    Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex: In various guises, the basic concepts have found application in the design of a number of special classification schemes.
    Ex: The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    Ex: They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex: City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.
    Ex: It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.
    * a + Posesivo + manera = in + Posesivo + own way.
    * buscar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * conseguido de manera dudosa = ill-gotten.
    * de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.
    * de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.
    * de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].
    * de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).
    * dejar que Alguien haga las cosas a su manera = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.
    * de la manera normal = in the normal manner.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la misma manera = by the same token.
    * de la misma manera (que) = in the same way (as), in the same manner (as).
    * de la otra manera = the other way (a)round.
    * de las dos maneras = in both ways.
    * de la siguiente manera = in the following terms.
    * de manera amena = pleasantly.
    * de manera clara = distinctly, clearly.
    * de manera confusa = hazily.
    * de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * de manera constructiva = constructively.
    * de manera decepcionante = disappointingly.
    * de manera deprimente = sombrely [somberly, -USA].
    * de manera despreocupada = casually.
    * de manera desproporcionada = disproportionately.
    * de manera divertida = funnily.
    * de manera encantadora = winningly.
    * de manera escandalosa = outrageously.
    * de manera especial = in a certain way, in a special way.
    * de manera esquemática = briefly.
    * de manera estupenda = marvellously [marvelously, -USA].
    * de manera extraña = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera global = holistically.
    * de manera graciosa = funnily.
    * de manera grotesca = grotesquely.
    * de manera humillante = abjectly.
    * de manera inconsecuente = inconsistently.
    * de manera informal = casually.
    * de manera inquietante = eerily.
    * de manera insinuante = suggestively.
    * de manera intermitente = intermittently.
    * de manera involuntaria = involuntarily.
    * de manera lamentable = lamentably, miserably.
    * de manera lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de manera maravillosa = marvellously [marvelously, -USA].
    * de manera marginal = tangentially.
    * de manera memorable = memorably.
    * de manera misteriosa = eerily.
    * de manera muy clara = in no uncertain terms.
    * de manera muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de manera muy superficial = sketchily.
    * de manera negativa = in a negative light.
    * de manera obsesiva = neurotically.
    * de manera óptima = optimally.
    * de manera poco convincente = lamely.
    * de manera poco ética = unethically.
    * de manera poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de manera positiva = in a positive light.
    * de manera precisa = precisely.
    * de manera preocupante = disturbingly.
    * de manera previsible = predictably.
    * de manera protectora = protectively.
    * de manera provocativa = suggestively.
    * de manera que = in a form that.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera realista = realistically.
    * de manera semipermanente = on a semi-permanent basis.
    * de manera significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.
    * de manera similar = in a similar way.
    * de manera similar a = in a similar manner to.
    * de manera sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de manera sorprendente = shockingly.
    * de manera sutil = subtly.
    * de manera tangencial = tangentially.
    * de manera uniforme = evenly.
    * de manera vaga = hazily.
    * de mejor manera = best.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way, in more ways than one.
    * de ninguna manera = at all, in any sense of the word, not at all, under no/any circumstances, on no account, not on any account, in any way at all.
    * !de ninguna manera! = Not on your life!, over + Posesivo + dead body.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de tal manera que = so that.
    * de todas maneras = at any rate.
    * de una manera + Adjetivo = in + Adjetivo + fashion, in a + Adjetivo + manner, in + Adjetivo + manner, in a + Adjetivo + vein.
    * de una manera eficaz = competently.
    * de una manera extraña = strangely.
    * de una manera genial = in a masterful way.
    * de una manera lógica = logically.
    * de una manera más sencilla = in digestible form.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de una manera satisfactoria = neatly.
    * de una manera seductora = seductively.
    * de una manera significativa = meaningfully.
    * de una manera simple = in a simple manner.
    * de una manera solemne = solemnly.
    * de una manera tentad = seductively.
    * de una manera tentadora = seductively.
    * de una manera torpe = awkwardly, cumbrously.
    * de una misma manera = in a similar fashion.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * expresar de otra manera = rephrase.
    * fracasar de manera lamentable = fail + miserably, fail + dismally.
    * justo de la misma manera que = in just the same way as.
    * la manera de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.
    * la mejor manera = how best.
    * la mejor manera de = the best way of.
    * manera de actuar = line of attack.
    * manera de pensar = way of thinking.
    * manera de trabajar = work practice.
    * manera de tratar = avenue of approach.
    * manera de ver las cosas = line of thought.
    * no haber manera de = there + be + no way.
    * no hay manera de que = for the life of me.
    * pero no hubo manera = but no dice.
    * ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.
    * por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.
    * por la manera = by the way.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * redactar de otra manera = reword.
    * ser la manera de = be a recipe for.
    * ser la mejor manera de = be the conduit for.
    * una manera de empezar = a foot in the door.
    * usar de manera general = be in general use.
    * ver las cosas de diferente manera = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de una manera diferente = see + things differently.

    * * *
    A
    1 (modo, forma) way
    yo lo hago a mi manera I do it my way, I have my own way of doing it
    ¿qué manera de comer es ésa? that's no way to eat your food
    ¡comimos de una manera …! you should have seen the amount we ate!
    ¡qué manera de llover! it's absolutely pouring (with rain)
    ¡qué manera de malgastar el dinero! what a waste of money!
    no saldrás a la calle vestida de esa manera ¿no? you're not going out dressed like that, are you?
    se puede ir vestido de cualquier manera you can dress however you want, you can wear whatever you like
    no lo pongas así, de cualquier manera, dóblalo don't just put it in any which way ( AmE) o ( BrE) any old how o way, fold it up
    de esta manera iremos más cómodos we'll be more comfortable this way o like this
    de alguna manera tendré que conseguir el dinero I'll have to get the money somehow (or other)
    sus novelas son, de alguna manera, un reflejo de su propia juventud her novels are, to some extent o in some ways, a reflection of her own youth
    de una manera u otra habrá que terminarlo it'll have to be finished one way or another
    no hay/hubo manera it is/was impossible
    2 ( en locs):
    a manera de by way of
    a manera de ejemplo by way of example
    se levantó el sombrero a manera de saludo he lifted his hat in greeting
    de cualquier manera or de todas maneras anyway
    de cualquier manera or de todas maneras ya tenía que lavarlo I had to wash it anyway o in any case
    de manera que (así que) (+ indic) so;
    (para que) (+ subj) so that, so
    ¿de manera que te casas en julio? so you're getting married in July, are you?
    dilo en voz alta, de manera que todos te oigan say it out loud, so (that) everyone can hear you
    de ninguna manera: ¿me lo das? — de ninguna manera will you give it to me? — certainly not
    de ninguna manera lo voy a permitir there's no way I'm going to allow it
    no son de ninguna manera inferiores they are in no way inferior
    de mala manera: me contestó de muy mala manera she answered me very rudely
    la trataba de mala manera he used to treat her badly
    los precios han subido de mala manera ( Esp); prices have shot up ( colloq), prices have risen exorbitantly
    lo malcrió de mala manera ( Esp); she spoiled him terribly o ( colloq) rotten
    querer algo de mala manera ( Esp fam); to want sth really badly, want sth in the worst way ( AmE colloq)
    Compuesto:
    su manera de ser the way she is
    tiene una manera de ser que se lleva bien con todos she has a nice way about her, she gets on well with everyone ( colloq)
    su manera de ser le acarrea muchos problemas his manner o the way he comes across causes him a lot of problems
    B maneras fpl (modales) manners (pl)
    * * *

     

    manera sustantivo femenino
    1 (modo, forma) way;

    a manera de by way of;
    de todas maneras anyway;
    su manera de ser the way she is;
    se puede ir vestido de cualquier manera you can dress however you want;
    no lo pongas así, de cualquier manera don't just put it in any which way (AmE) o (BrE) any old how;
    de ninguna manera lo voy a permitir there's no way I'm going to allow it;
    de alguna manera tendré que conseguirlo I'll have to get it somehow (or other);
    no hay/hubo manera it is/it was impossible;
    de manera que so;
    de mala manera ‹ contestar› rudely;

    ‹ tratar› badly
    2
    ◊ maneras sustantivo femenino plural ( modales) manners (pl)

    manera
    I sustantivo femenino
    1 way, manner: hagámoslo a nuestra manera, let's do it our way
    lo hace todo de cualquier manera, he does everything any old how
    no hay manera de que me escuche, there is no way to make him listen to me
    me disgusta su manera de ser, I don't like the way he behaves
    II fpl maneras, manners: contestó con malas maneras, she answered rudely
    ♦ Locuciones: a manera de, as: se puso una cacerola a manera de casco, she used a cooking pot as a helmet
    de cualquier manera/de todas maneras, anyway, at any rate, in any case
    de manera que, so (that)
    de ninguna manera, in no way, certainly not: no pienso disculparme de ninguna manera, there's no way that I'm going to apologise
    de tal manera que, in such a way that
    en cierta manera, in some sense: en cierta manera todos somos responsables de ella, to a certain degree we are all responsible for her
    ' manera' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - arrancar
    - categórica
    - categórico
    - como
    - como quiera
    - comoquiera
    - cortante
    - despatarrarse
    - despeluchar
    - encantar
    - enfocar
    - escritura
    - expiar
    - igual
    - inri
    - letra
    - mal
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - peculiar
    - perfectamente
    - precisamente
    - tal
    - tener
    - tuntún
    - bien
    - cómo
    - en
    - escándalo
    - forma
    - fórmula
    - habla
    - hacer
    - ilegal
    - inconsciente
    - índole
    - inesperado
    - interesado
    - medio
    - modo
    - norma
    - ordinariez
    - otro
    - plantear
    - seguir
    - temperamento
    - tirar
    - torpe
    - trato
    English:
    abrupt
    - abusive
    - accusingly
    - angrily
    - as
    - brittle
    - by
    - certainly
    - challenging
    - conciliatory
    - decidedly
    - definitive
    - differently
    - distant
    - dramatically
    - effective
    - elaborately
    - fashion
    - friendly
    - gait
    - impersonally
    - impossibly
    - in
    - intimidate
    - jabber
    - jangle
    - logical
    - manner
    - means
    - mimic
    - miserably
    - mismanage
    - naturally
    - nice
    - not
    - oddly
    - originally
    - other
    - otherwise
    - persuasively
    - pleasantly
    - practically
    - pretence
    - pretense
    - propose
    - radiantly
    - realistically
    - reception
    - remotely
    - should
    * * *
    manera nf
    1. [forma] way, manner;
    manera de pensar way of thinking;
    tiene una manera de ser muy agradable she has a very pleasant nature;
    no me gusta su manera de ser I don't like the way he is;
    no encuentro la manera de dejar el tabaco whatever I do, I just can't seem to give up smoking;
    esa no es manera de decir las cosas that's no way to speak;
    ¿has visto la manera en que o [m5] la manera como te mira? have you seen how o the way he's looking at you?;
    esta vez lo haremos a mi manera this time we'll do it my way;
    a la manera de in the style of, after the fashion of;
    a manera de [como] as, by way of;
    a mi manera de ver the way I see it;
    se le cayó el botón porque lo cosió de cualquier manera the button fell off because he sewed it on carelessly o any old how;
    hazlo de cualquier manera do it however you like;
    no te preocupes, de cualquier manera no pensaba ir don't worry, I wasn't going to go anyway;
    de esta/esa manera this/that way;
    trata a su hijo de mala manera he treats his son badly;
    lo dijo de mala manera she said it very rudely;
    Esp Fam
    estuvo lloviendo de mala manera it was pouring o Br bucketing down;
    Esp Fam
    se pusieron a beber de mala manera they started a serious drinking session;
    Esp Fam
    tu hermana se enrolla de mala manera your sister goes on a bit;
    de la misma manera similarly, in the same way;
    lo hice de la misma manera que ayer/tú I did it the same way as yesterday/you;
    lo organizaron de manera que acabara antes de las diez they organized it so (that) it finished before ten;
    ¿de manera que no te gusta? so, you don't like it (then)?;
    de ninguna manera o [m5] en manera alguna deberíamos dejarle salir under no circumstances should we let her out;
    de ninguna manera o [m5] en manera alguna quise ofenderte I in no way intended to offend you;
    ¿te he molestado? – de ninguna manera o [m5] en manera alguna did I annoy you? – not at all o by no means;
    ¿quieres que lo invitemos? – ¡de ninguna manera! shall we invite him? – no way o certainly not!;
    de otra manera… [si no] otherwise…;
    de tal manera (que) [tanto] so much (that);
    de todas maneras, ¿qué es eso que decías de un viaje? anyway, what's that you were saying about going away?;
    de una manera o de otra one way or another;
    en cierta manera in a way;
    Formal
    la ópera me aburre en gran manera I find opera exceedingly tedious;
    no hay manera there is no way, it's impossible;
    no hay manera de que haga los deberes it's impossible to get him to do his homework;
    ¡contigo no hay manera! you're impossible!;
    ¡qué manera de hacer las cosas! that's no way to do things!;
    ¡qué manera de llover! just look at that rain!;
    Formal
    me place sobre manera que recurran a nuestros servicios I'm exceedingly pleased that you should have decided to use our services
    2.
    maneras [modales] manners;
    buenas/malas maneras good/bad manners;
    de muy buenas maneras nos dijo que saliéramos she very politely asked us to leave;
    atiende a los clientes de malas maneras he's rude to the customers;
    Esp
    de aquella manera: lo hicieron de aquella manera they did it any old how;
    ¿crees en Dios? – de aquella manera do you believe in God? – well, sort of
    * * *
    f way;
    esa es su manera de ser that’s the way he is;
    maneras pl manners;
    lo hace a su manera he does it his way;
    un cuadro a la manera de los cubistas a Cubist-style picture;
    no hay manera de it is impossible to;
    de manera que so (that);
    de ninguna manera certainly not;
    en gran manera greatly;
    sobre manera exceedingly;
    de todas maneras anyway, in any case;
    de cualquier manera anyway, anyhow;
    de la misma manera que in the same way that;
    de tal manera que in such a way that, so that
    * * *
    manera nf
    1) modo: way, manner, fashion
    2)
    de todas maneras : anyway, anyhow
    3)
    de manera que : so, in order that
    4)
    de ninguna manera : by no means, absolutely not
    5)
    manera de ser : personality, demeanor
    * * *
    manera n way
    de manera + adjetivo in a... way
    de manera extraña in a strange way / strangely

    Spanish-English dictionary > manera

  • 10 grundlegend

    I Adj. basic, fundamental; (wichtig) essential; Änderungen: fundamental, radical
    II Adv. fundamentally; grundlegend verändern auch radically change, change the whole face of
    * * *
    elementary; ruling; thoroughgoing; basic; fundamental; basal
    * * *
    grụnd|le|gend
    1. adj
    fundamental, basic (für to); Werk, Textbuch standard
    2. adv
    fundamentally

    sich zu etw grundlegend äußern — to make a statement of fundamental importance on sth

    * * *
    1) (restricted to a fundamental level, elementary: a basic knowledge of French.) basic
    2) (very simple; not advanced: elementary mathematics.) elementary
    3) (of great importance; essential; basic: Respect for law and order is fundamental to a peaceful society.) fundamental
    * * *
    grund·le·gend
    I. adj
    1. (wesentlich) fundamental, basic
    2. (die Grundlage bildend) standard
    II. adv fundamentally
    das hat sich \grundlegend geändert that has fundamentally changed
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv fundamental, basic ( für to); seminal <idea, work>
    2.
    adverbial fundamentally
    * * *
    A. adj basic, fundamental; (wichtig) essential; Änderungen: fundamental, radical
    B. adv fundamentally;
    grundlegend verändern auch radically change, change the whole face of
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv fundamental, basic ( für to); seminal <idea, work>
    2.
    adverbial fundamentally
    * * *
    adj.
    basal adj.
    basic adj.
    fundamental adj.
    vital adj. adv.
    basically adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > grundlegend

  • 11 доказательство

    proof (of), demonstration (of), argument, evidence (for)
    •Альтернативное доказательство может быть получено (путем, на пути)... - An alternate proof may be obtained by...
    • Альтернативное доказательство оставлено в качестве упражнения 1.3. - An alternative proof is left to Exercise 1.3.
    • Безо всяких доказательств мы просто утверждаем, что... - Without going into any proofs, we simply state that...
    • Более простое прямое доказательство было дано Смитом [1]. Мы следуем его методу. - A simpler direct proof was given by Smith [1], whose method we follow here.
    • В качестве упражнения мы оставляем читателю доказательство, что... - It is left as an exercise for the reader to show that...
    • Вдобавок, это доказательство можно слегка упростить... - Incidentally, this proof can be made somewhat simpler by...
    • Дадим формальное доказательство (этого). - The formal proof is as follows.
    • Данное доказательство использует метод математической индукции по п. - The proof is by induction on n.
    • Данное доказательство существенно основывается на нашем предположении, что... - The proof rests fundamentally on our assumption that...
    • Для доказательства второго утверждения (теоремы) мы выписываем... - То prove part (ii), we write...
    • Для нашего доказательства удобно использовать... - For our proof it is convenient to use...
    • Доказательство (теоремы) довольно длинное, поэтому мы разобьем его на несколько шагов. - The proof is rather long, so we shall break it up into several steps.
    • Доказательство (этого факта, этой теоремы и т. п.) простое, и потому мы оставляем его читателю. - The proof is simple; we leave it to the reader.
    • Доказательство леммы закончено (= завершено). - The proof of the lemma is finished; This proves the lemma.
    • Доказательство не закончено до тех пор, пока мы не... - The proof is not complete until we...
    • Доказательство обратного утверждения уже было проведено. - The proof of the converse has already been given.
    • Доказательство проводится методом индукции по п. - The proof is by induction on n.
    • Доказательство проводится от противного. - The argument is by reductio ad absurdum.
    • Доказательство следует почти немедленно из определения... - The proof is almost immediate from the definition of...
    • Доказательство становится неверным, если... - The proof breaks down if...
    • Доказательство теоремы завершено. - This completes the proof; The theorem is proved; QED
    • Доказательство этого легкое (= несложное). - The proof is easy.
    • Доказательство этого факта подобно доказательству теоремы 2. - This proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 2.
    • Другое доказательство намечено в упражнении 2. - An alternative proof is outlined in Exercise 2.
    • Его доказательство является достаточно элементарным. - The proof is quite elementary.
    • Затем мы переключаем наше внимание на доказательство того, что... - We turn our attention next to proving that...
    • Затем нам нужно будет одно особое доказательство, чтобы продемонстрировать, что... - We will then need a special argument to show that...
    • Здесь мы уже подошли к чисто геометрическому доказательству... - Here we have arrived at a purely geometrical proof of...
    • Имеются все доказательства того, что... - There is every indication that...
    • Метод доказательства аналогичен методу, использованному Бляшке [3]. - The proof method is analogous to the method used by Blashke [3].
    • Мы можем дать простое доказательство этой теоремы следующим образом. - We can give a simple proof of this theorem as follows.
    • Мы накопили ряд убедительных доказательств того, что... - We have amassed a convincing body of evidence that...
    • Мы начинаем доказательство с... - We begin the proof by...
    • Мы начинаем с доказательства двух лемм. - We begin by proving two lemmas.
    • Мы опускаем весьма громоздкое доказательство данной теоремы. - We omit the rather lengthy proof of this theorem.
    • Мы опустим доказательство этого утверждения. - We will omit the proof of this statement.
    • Мы оставляем читателю доказательство противоположного утверждения. - We leave the converse proof to the reader.
    • Мы оставляем читателю дополнить детали (доказательства). - The details are left to the reader,
    • Мы примем этот важный факт без доказательства. - We shall accept this important fact without proof.
    • Мы рассуждаем так же, как при доказательстве теоремы 1. (= Мы полностью повторяем рассуждения из доказательства теоремы 1. ) - We argue exactly as in the proof of Theorem 1.
    • Наш первый шаг состоит в доказательстве, что... - Our first task is to prove...
    • Наше доказательство, в основном, повторяет доказательство леммы 2 из [1]. - Our proof follows along the lines of Lemma 2 of [1].
    • Небольшое изменение этого доказательства показывает, что... - A minor modification of the proof shows that...
    • Нет никаких экспериментальных доказательств, показывающих, что... - There is no experimental evidence to indicate that...
    • Однако (его/ее) доказательство не является настолько простым, как можно было бы подумать (= вообразить). - The proof, however, is not as easy as one might think.
    • Однако доказательство данной гипотезы сложное, потому что... - However, proof of this hypothesis is difficult because...
    • Однако имеется огромное множество доказательств (= свидетельств) того, что... - But there is a great deal of evidence that...
    (= предоставляется) читателю. - The remainder of the proof is left to the reader.
    • Остальная часть доказательства проводится уже более или менее просто. - The rest of the proof is now more or less straightforward.
    • В работе Смита [1] приведено доказательство при менее ограничительных условиях. - For a proof under less restrictive conditions, see Smith [1].
    • Перед тем как мы сможем завершить доказательство, мы должны... - Before we can complete the proof, we must...
    • Полученное противоречие завершает доказательство. - This contradiction completes the proof.
    • Предшествующее доказательство принадлежит лорду Рэлею [1]. - The foregoing proof is due to Lord Rayleigh [1].
    • Приведем более полное доказательство, данное Гильбертом [2]. - A fuller proof, given by Hilbert [2], is as follows.
    • Простейшее доказательство базируется на идее, что... - The simplest proof rests on the concept of...
    • Простое и прямое доказательство может быть получено... - A simple and direct proof can be obtained by...
    • Разобьем доказательство на два шага (= две части). - We shall divide the proof into two steps.
    • С целью экономии места мы опускаем доказательство... - We omit the proof in order to save space; For reasons of space we omit the proof of...
    • Сейчас имеется огромное количество доказательств того, что... - There is now overwhelming evidence that...
    • Следующее доказательство является небольшой модификацией доказательства, данного Смитом [1]. - The following proof is a slight modification of that given by Smith [1].
    • Смит [1] дал общее доказательство того, что... - Smith [1] has given a general proof that...
    • Сформулируем без доказательства следующую теорему относительно... - We state without proof the following theorem concerning...
    • Теперь займемся доказательством этой теоремы. - We now come to the proof of the theorem.
    • Теперь мы приведем пропущенные детали доказательства. - We now proceed to fill in the details; We shall now fill in the details.
    • Убедительное доказательство этого утверждения предоставлено Смитом [1]. - Convincing proof of this statement is furnished by Smith [1].
    • Центральной частью доказательства является то, что... - The crux of the proof is that...
    • Чтобы завершить доказательство, мы... - In order to finish the proof, we...; Finally, we...
    • Чтобы завершить доказательство, мы выпишем... - For the remainder of the proof we write...
    • Чтобы завершить доказательство, нам остается показать, что... - То complete the proof, we need to demonstrate that...
    • Чтобы закончить доказательство, мы... - In order to complete the proof, we...
    • Элегантное доказательство, которое мы здесь приводим, в основном принадлежит Гильберту. - The elegant proof we give is essentially due to Hilbert.
    • Это доказательство легко изменить для того, чтобы показать, что... - The proof is easily adapted to show that...
    • Это доказательство основывается на факте, что... - The proof is based on the fact that...
    • Это доказательство почти идентично доказательству последней теоремы. - The proof is almost identical with that of the last theorem.
    • Это доказательство слишком сложное, чтобы приводить его здесь. - The proof is too complicated to give here.
    • Это приводит к противоречию, и следовательно, доказательство закончено. - This gives a contradiction, and the proof is complete.
    • Этот метод доказательства весьма оригинален. - The method of proof is quite ingenious.
    • Этот метод доказательства довольно общий и применим к... - The method of proof is quite general and applies to...
    • Этот факт был отмечен без доказательства в главе 4. - This fact was noted without proof in Chapter 4.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > доказательство

  • 12 construcción

    f.
    1 construction, building, work under construction.
    2 construction, erection, raising-up.
    3 building industry.
    4 making, creation, construct, construction.
    5 construction, grammatical construction.
    6 construction, explication.
    * * *
    1 construction
    2 (edificio) building
    \
    en construcción / en vías de construcción under construction
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) construction, building
    2) (=sector laboral) construction industry
    3) (=estructura) structure
    4) (Ling) construction
    * * *
    1) ( acción) construction, building

    materiales de construcción — building o construction materials

    2)
    a) ( sector) building, construction
    b) (edificio, estructura) construction
    3) (Ling) construction
    * * *
    = building, construction, construction project, construction, erection, property development.
    Ex. Some libraries find that it is difficult to convey all the necessary information in a simple manner, merely because the collection is large, or housed in various separate buildings and wings, and the shelving sequence is complex.
    Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. Library governing boards need a solid understanding of building sciences, prior to launching a new construction, renovation, or addition project.
    Ex. Out of 18 different education programs conducted by small companies, two-thirds were conducted by manufacturing companies, the remainder were in health services, construction, or transportation companies.
    Ex. The war years heralded several changes, one of them being the erection of a new library building.
    Ex. Golf courses are emerging as one of the most environmentally rapacious and socially divisive forms of tourist and property development.
    ----
    * asesor técnico en construcción de bibliot = library building consultant.
    * bloque de construcción = building block.
    * ciencias de la construcción = building sciences.
    * construcción de caminos = road construction.
    * construcción de carreteras = road construction.
    * construcción de casas = building construction.
    * construcción de diques = diking [dyking].
    * construcción de edificios = building construction.
    * construcción de muros = walling.
    * construcción de presas = damming.
    * construcción de represas = damming.
    * construcción naval = shipbuilding.
    * Construcción Pasiva de un Verbo = get + Participio.
    * de construcción básica = brick and frame.
    * de construcción sólida = solidly-built.
    * en construcción = under development, under construction.
    * en proceso de construcción = under construction.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * ingeniería de la construcción = construction engineering.
    * material de construcción = building material.
    * obrero de la construcción = construction worker.
    * permiso de construcción = building permit.
    * proyecto de construcción = construction project.
    * suministros de construcción = building supplies.
    * técnica de construcción = construction technique.
    * terreno en construcción = building site.
    * * *
    1) ( acción) construction, building

    materiales de construcción — building o construction materials

    2)
    a) ( sector) building, construction
    b) (edificio, estructura) construction
    3) (Ling) construction
    * * *
    = building, construction, construction project, construction, erection, property development.

    Ex: Some libraries find that it is difficult to convey all the necessary information in a simple manner, merely because the collection is large, or housed in various separate buildings and wings, and the shelving sequence is complex.

    Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: Library governing boards need a solid understanding of building sciences, prior to launching a new construction, renovation, or addition project.
    Ex: Out of 18 different education programs conducted by small companies, two-thirds were conducted by manufacturing companies, the remainder were in health services, construction, or transportation companies.
    Ex: The war years heralded several changes, one of them being the erection of a new library building.
    Ex: Golf courses are emerging as one of the most environmentally rapacious and socially divisive forms of tourist and property development.
    * asesor técnico en construcción de bibliot = library building consultant.
    * bloque de construcción = building block.
    * ciencias de la construcción = building sciences.
    * construcción de caminos = road construction.
    * construcción de carreteras = road construction.
    * construcción de casas = building construction.
    * construcción de diques = diking [dyking].
    * construcción de edificios = building construction.
    * construcción de muros = walling.
    * construcción de presas = damming.
    * construcción de represas = damming.
    * construcción naval = shipbuilding.
    * Construcción Pasiva de un Verbo = get + Participio.
    * de construcción básica = brick and frame.
    * de construcción sólida = solidly-built.
    * en construcción = under development, under construction.
    * en proceso de construcción = under construction.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * ingeniería de la construcción = construction engineering.
    * material de construcción = building material.
    * obrero de la construcción = construction worker.
    * permiso de construcción = building permit.
    * proyecto de construcción = construction project.
    * suministros de construcción = building supplies.
    * técnica de construcción = construction technique.
    * terreno en construcción = building site.

    * * *
    A (acción) construction, building
    en construcción under construction
    vivienda de muy mala construcción jerry-built housing, very poorly built o constructed housing
    materiales de construcción building o construction materials
    usen regla y compás para la construcción del triángulo use a ruler and compasses to construct the triangle
    trabajemos juntos en la construcción de una sociedad más justa let's work together to create a fairer society
    B
    1 (sector) building, construction
    obrero de la construcción a construction o building worker
    la industria de la construcción naval the shipbuilding industry
    2 (edificio) building, construction; (otra estructura) construction, structure
    C ( Ling) construction
    * * *

     

    construcción sustantivo femenino


    obrero de la construcción building o construction worker
    b) (edificio, estructura) construction

    c) (Ling) construction

    construcción sustantivo femenino
    1 (edificio) building: las construcciones de la zona no aguantaron el temblor de tierra, the buildings in the area did not withstand the earthquake
    2 (acción) construction: la construcción de la catedral tardó más de un siglo, it took over a century to complete construction of the cathedral
    3 (industria) trabajo en la construcción, I work in the building industry
    ' construcción' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ampliación
    - concatenación
    - elevada
    - elevado
    - escora
    - fortaleza
    - gremio
    - grúa
    - hundir
    - hundimiento
    - hundirse
    - levantar
    - parecerse
    - promotor
    - promotora
    - promover
    - resaltar
    - urbanización
    - barraca
    - carpintería
    - en
    - fuente
    - licitación
    - madera
    - material
    - obra
    - robusto
    - tosco
    - vivienda
    English:
    advocate
    - building
    - construction
    - defence
    - defense
    - demonstrate
    - deserve
    - erect
    - erection
    - flimsy
    - fountain
    - mention
    - rough
    - shipbuilding
    - solidly
    - sound
    - structure
    - timber
    - tumble
    - well-built
    - ship
    * * *
    1. [acción] construction;
    [de edificio, muro] construction, building; [de buque] building; [de automóvil, aeronave] manufacture; [de mueble] making, building;
    la construcción sólida del vehículo the vehicle's solid build;
    en construcción [edificio, página web] under construction;
    la construcción del teatro llevará dos años the theatre will take two years to build;
    una fase clave en la construcción europea a key phase in the development of the EU;
    trabajamos en la construcción de oportunidades para todos we are working to create opportunities for everyone
    2. [sector] construction o building industry;
    trabajadores de la construcción construction o building workers;
    una empresa de la construcción a construction company
    construcción naval shipbuilding
    3. [edificio, estructura] building
    4. Gram construction
    * * *
    f
    1 actividad, sector construction;
    construcción naval shipbuilding
    2 ( edificio) building
    * * *
    construcción nf, pl - ciones : construction, building
    * * *
    construcción n building

    Spanish-English dictionary > construcción

  • 13 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 14 Viscose

    Viscose was discovered by two English chemists, Charles F. Cross and E. J. Be van, working in collaboration at Kew, near London, who found that when cellulose was treated with disulphide of carbon in the presence of caustic soda, it was converted into a golden yellow plastic compound which dissolved readily in water. A solution of the plastic was of such viscosity that it was named " viscose," a name that was destined to become world famous, seeing that round about 88 per cent of the world production of rayon is now made by the viscose process. In 1892 Cross and Bevan were granted a patent on the viscose process and it was applied to many purposes before the production of a textile thread was successfully accomplished. Fundamentally, the manufacture of viscose rayon is fairly simple. The raw material may be wood pulp, pulp from cotton linters, or a mixture of the two. The greater part of the world's viscose is made from wood pulp. Viscose rayon manufacture comprises seven distinct treatments as follows: - 1. Making and purifying the cotton or wood pulp which forms the cellulose base. 2. Caustic soda treatment of the cellulose base thereby forming alkali cellulose. 3. Treatment of alkali cellulose with carbon disulphide, forming cellulose xanthate. 4. Dissolving the cellulose xanthate in weak caustic soda to form cellulose solution or viscose. 5. Spinning viscose into yarn. 6. Bleaching, purification and finishing of the yarn. 7. Preparing the yarn for weaving and knitting.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Viscose

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